Methods for treating hyperopia and presbyopia via laser tunneling

ABSTRACT

A method for treating presbyopia utilizes an Erbium based, pulsed laser to sever sub-conjunctival strictures located within the scleral matrix of the eye. Introduction of treatment energy into the scleral matrix increases or facilitates an increase in accommodation, thereby mitigating the effects of presbyopia. The treatment energy can be directed into the scleral matrix to form tunnel ablations in and through the strictures of the scleral matrix. The tunnel ablations can enhance the accommodation of the patient&#39;s eye, enabling the eye to refocus at near distances while not losing its ability to focus at a distance.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.11/410,564, filed Apr. 24, 2006 and entitled METHODS FOR TREATINGHYPEROPIA AND PRESBYOPIA VIA LASER TUNNELING, the entire contents ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to medical devices andprocedures and, more particularly, to devices and procedures fortreating hyperopia and presbyopia of the eye using laser tunneling.

2. Description of Related Art

A common ophthalmologic condition relating to focusing disorders isknown as hyperopia. Hyperopia, or farsightedness, relates to an eyesightrefractive abnormality whereby near objects appear blurred or fuzzy as aresult of light rays being brought to focus behind the retina of theeye. One variation of hyperopia is presbyopia, which typically isassociated with a person's lack of capacity to focus at near distancesand which tends to develop and progress with age. Regarding thisprogression, presbyopia is thought to advance as the eye progressivelyloses its ability to accommodate or focus sharply for near vision withincreasing age of the person. Accordingly, the condition of presbyopiagenerally signifies a universal decrease in the amplitude ofaccommodation of the affected person.

Hyperopia can be treated surgically using techniques including cornealinterventions, such as reshaping a surface curvature of the cornealocated inside of the limbus area, and non-corneal manipulations, suchas altering properties of the sclera located outside of the limbus area,ciliary muscle, zonules, or lens. An example of the former treatment cancomprise ablating the surface of the cornea itself to form a“multifocal” arrangement (e.g., distance vision in one eye and readingvision in another eye according to a treatment plan referred to asmonovision) facilitating viewing by a patient of both near and farobjects, and an example of the latter treatment can comprise introducingkerfs into portions of the sclera to thereby increase accommodation. Anexample of the latter treatment is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,879,wherein incisions are formed in the sclera beneath the conjunctiva.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Methods of the present invention for treating hyperopia, such ashyperopia conditions involving, in particular, presbyopia, utilizesources of ablation, such as electromagnetic energy emitting devices, toimplement non-corneal manipulations. According to these methods, thesources of ablation can be activated to direct energy onto the sclera ofthe eye to treat presbyopia, wherein the energy affects at least oneproperty of the sclera and results in an enhancement in an accommodationof the eye.

The source of ablation can comprise a source of electromagnetic energy,such as a laser. In certain implementations, the laser is an Erbiumbased, pulsed laser which emits treatment energy, such as opticalenergy, toward the sclera and into the scleral matrix of the eye, tosever sub-conjunctival strictures located within the scleral matrix ofthe eye. Introduction of the treatment energy into the scleral matrixcan increase or facilitate an increase in accommodation of the eye,thereby mitigating the effects of presbyopia.

The treatment energy can be directed into the scleral matrix to formtunnel ablations in and through the sub-conjunctival strictures of thescleral matrix. Augmentation of the accommodation of the patient's eyeby way of the impartation of tunnel ablations into the sub-conjunctivalstrictures of the scleral matrix can enable the eye to refocus at neardistances while not losing its ability to focus at a distance.

While the apparatus and method has or will be described for the sake ofgrammatical fluidity with functional explanations, it is to be expresslyunderstood that the claims, unless expressly formulated under 35 USC112, are not to be construed as necessarily limited in any way by theconstruction of “means” or “steps” limitations, but are to be accordedthe full scope of the meaning and equivalents of the definition providedby the claims under the judicial doctrine of equivalents, and in thecase where the claims are expressly formulated under 35 USC 112 are tobe accorded full statutory equivalents under 35 USC 112.

Any feature or combination of features described herein are includedwithin the scope of the present invention provided that the featuresincluded in any such combination are not mutually inconsistent as willbe apparent from the context, this specification, and the knowledge ofone skilled in the art. In addition, any feature or combination offeatures may be specifically excluded from any embodiment of the presentinvention. For purposes of summarizing the present invention, certainaspects, advantages and novel features of the present invention aredescribed. Of course, it is to be understood that not necessarily allsuch aspects, advantages or features will be embodied in any particularimplementation of the present invention. Additional advantages andaspects of the present invention are apparent in the following detaileddescription and claims that follow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a plan view of an anterior portion of the eye, having tunnelablations formed within the scleral tissue thereof in accordance with animplementation of the present invention, wherein tunnel-ablation areasare depicted in relation to both regions of tissue sclerosis andconcomitant strictures that are to be released;

FIG. 2 a is an enlarged view of a portion of scleral tissue in the eyeof FIG. 1 that is suffering from a presence of strictures;

FIG. 2 b is a view of the portion of scleral tissue shown in FIG. 2 a,following formation of a pair of tunnel ablations within the sclerotictissue by way a laser tunneling procedure in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the eye, depicting the applicationof energy to a sclerotic stricture area within the sclera of the eye;

FIG. 4 a is an enlarged view of the sclerotic stricture area shown inFIG. 3;

FIG. 4 b is a view of the sclerotic stricture area of FIG. 4 a,following formation of a tunnel ablation therein by way of a lasertunneling procedure whereby strictures are released according to anaspect of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a tunnel ablation formed within thesclera between the conjunctiva and the choroid of an eye;

FIG. 6 a shows a pre-operative shape of the central cornea of the eye inrelation to an axial length of the eye;

FIG. 6 b depicts the structure of FIG. 6 a following impartation oftunnel ablations, whereby steepening of the central corneal iseffectuated along with thinning of the sub-conjunctival and sclerallayers; and

FIG. 7 depicts locations of manipulation of the conjunctival layer inaccordance with an exemplary implementation of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Reference will now be made in detail to the presently preferredembodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in theaccompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same or similar referencenumbers are used in the drawings and the description to refer to thesame or like parts. It should be noted that the drawings are insimplified form and are not to precise scale unless stated otherwise. Inreference to the disclosure herein, for purposes of convenience andclarity only, directional terms, such as, top, bottom, left, right, up,down, over, above, below, beneath, rear, and front, are used withrespect to the accompanying drawings. Such directional terms should notbe construed to limit the scope of the invention in any manner.

Although the disclosure herein refers to certain illustratedembodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are presentedby way of example and not by way of limitation. The intent of thefollowing detailed description, although discussing exemplaryembodiments, is to be construed to cover all modifications,alternatives, and equivalents of the embodiments as may fall within thespirit and scope of the invention as defined by claims. It is to beunderstood and appreciated that the method steps and structuresdescribed or incorporated by reference herein do not cover completeprocedures for the implementations described herein. The presentinvention may be practiced in conjunction with various medicaltechniques and devices that are conventionally used in the art, and onlyso much of the commonly practiced structures and method steps areincluded herein as are necessary to provide an understanding of thepresent invention.

As used herein, “accommodation” refers to the ability to change focusfrom distant objects to near objects, which ability tends to diminishwith age.

As used herein, “choroid” refers to the highly vascular layer of the eyebeneath the sclera.

As used herein, “ciliary muscle” refers to a muscular ring of tissuelocated beneath the sclera and attached to the lens via zonules.

As used herein, “conjunctiva” refers to the thin, transparent tissuecovering the outside of the sclera.

As used herein, “cornea” refers to the clear central front tissue of theeye which can be considered to be a key component of the focusingsystem.

As used herein, “surgical limbus” refers to the boundary where thecornea meets the sclera.

As used herein, “retina” refers to the light-sensitive layer of tissuethat lines the back of the eyeball and sends visual impulses through theoptic nerve to the brain.

As used herein, “sclera” refers to the outer supporting structure, or“the white,” of the eye.

As used herein, “stricture” refers to an area where a tube in the bodyis too narrow. When diameters of the fibrous sheaths, which surroundtendons within the sclera, become attenuated, they are referred to asstrictures.

As used herein, “tunnel ablation” refers to a relatively large incision,having a rounded, u-shaped, or flattened bottom rather than a v-shapedbottom surface, formed within or through the sclera.

As used herein, “tunneling” refers to the creation of tunnel ablations,and “laser tunneling” refers to creation of the same using a laser.

As used herein, “vitreous body” refers to the clear colorlesstransparent jelly that fills the eyeball posterior to the lens and thatis enclosed by a delicate hyaloid membrane.

As used herein, “zonules” refers to a circular assembly of radiallydirected collagenous fibers that are attached at their inner ends to thelens and at their outer ends to the ciliary muscle.

An inability of the eye to focus sharply on nearby objects, called“presbyopia,” is associated with advancing age and typically entails adecrease in accommodation. Introduction of treatment energy (e.g., laserablation), according to any of the implementations described herein, mayenhance or facilitate an increase in accommodation, thereby mitigatingeffects of presbyopia. In typical embodiments, introduction of treatmentenergy to the scleral tissue can increase the accommodation of the eye(e.g., of the ciliary body) to thereby allow the presbyopic patient tosee both near and far.

In accordance with various aspects of the present invention, anaccommodation can be augmented via introduction of a plurality of“tunnel ablations,” meaning incisions or trenches formed (e.g., viaablation) in and through the sclera. The tunnel ablations may be formedby delivering treatment energy from an external location toward the eye.The delivered treatment energy may facilitate formation of tunnelablations as described herein.

Regarding augmentation of accommodation via formation of tunnelablations in the sclera, the sclera may be treated (e.g., lased) to formtunnel ablations therein or therethrough, taking care to attenuate oravoid a distortion of optical characteristics of the eye in the process.In an exemplary implementation, sizes, arrangements, depths, and/orother characteristics of the tunnel ablations can be adjusted so as, forexample, to increase an accommodation (e.g., flexibility) of the eye.Following treatment, the eye may be better able to change shape andfocus. For instance, according to certain implementations, tunnelablations may be created with, for example, a micro-drill, laser, orincising instrument. In other instances, alternative or additionaltunnel ablations may be either similarly formed in the sclera or formedusing means different from that used to form the mentioned tunnelablations, in the same or different locations, at the same or otherpoints in time, and/or with the same or different sizes or shapes asdisclosed herein.

Methods for treating hyperopia, and in particular, presbyopia, utilizesources of ablation, such as electromagnetic energy emitting devices, toimplement non-corneal manipulations. According to the methods, thesources of ablation can be activated to direct energy onto the sclera ofthe eye to treat presbyopic conditions, wherein the energy affects atleast one property of the sclera and results in an enhancement in anaccommodation of the eye. For instance, energy can be delivered from thesource of ablation onto the sclera in at least one vicinity of thesclera that does not contact a surgical limbus of the eye. The source ofablation can comprise a source of electromagnetic energy, such as alaser. In certain implementations, the laser is an Erbium based, pulsedlaser which emits treatment energy, such as pulsed optical energy,toward the sclera and into the scleral matrix of the eye, to seversub-conjunctival strictures located within the scleral matrix of theeye. Introduction of the treatment energy into the scleral matrix canincrease, or facilitate an increase in, accommodation of the eye,thereby mitigating the effects of presbyopia. The treatment energy canbe directed into the scleral matrix to form predeterminedtunnel-ablation formations in and through the sub-conjunctivalstrictures of the scleral matrix. Augmentation of the accommodation ofthe patient's eye by way of the impartation of tunnel ablations into thesub-conjunctival strictures of the scleral matrix can enable the eye torefocus at near distances while not losing its ability to focus at adistance.

Referring more particularly to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a schematicplan view of an eye of a patient. In accordance with an aspect of thepresent invention, areas 10, 12, 18 a and 20 of tunnel-ablationplacement are generated on and in portions of the sclera containingundesirable strictures, which have resulted from age-induced sclerosisand which have lead to a loss of elasticity of the affected portions ofthe eye. The plan view of FIG. 1 shows an anterior portion of the eyehaving a plurality of sets or groupings of tunnel ablations formedwithin the scleral tissue thereof in accordance with an exemplaryimplementation of the present invention, wherein tunnel-ablation areasare placed in relation to regions of tissue sclerosis and also inrelation to concomitant strictures that are to be released for treatmentof presbyopia. The releasing of such strictures in the sclera can leadto greater elasticity of the tissues of the eye and enhancedaccommodation of the eye.

According to a broad aspect of the present invention, one or more of thetunnel ablations may be implemented as described herein using variousforms of treatment energy, such as electromagnetic radiation (e.g.,ablating optical energy, thermal optical energy, blood-coagulatingoptical energy, and combinations thereof). Typical systems for providingtreatment energies may comprise handpieces coupled to one or more of anelectromagnetic energy source such as a laser (e.g., a diode laser)having a predetermined wavelength and a predetermined pulse, a cauterydevice with a predetermined setting that interacts with desired parts ofthe eye to form tunnel ablations, and combinations thereof.

In very broad implementations of the present invention, electromagneticenergy devices may comprise, for example, lasers having all wavelengths,such as lasers having wavelengths ranging, for example, from about 0.15microns to about 3.2 microns. Particular implementations of lasers foruse on the sclera may comprise Er:YAG, Er:YSGG, Er, Cr:YSGG, or CTE:YAGlasers operated at exemplary wavelengths ranging from about 2.69 micronsto about 2.8 microns, and about 2.94 microns. Other implementations oflasers may include XeCl excimer lasers operated at an exemplarywavelength of about 308 nm; frequency-shifted solid state lasersoperated at exemplary wavelengths of about 0.15 microns to about 3.2microns; excimer lasers of ArF operated at an exemplary wavelength ofabout 93 nm; harmonic generations of Nd:YAG or Nd:YAL or Ti:sapphirelasers operated at exemplary wavelengths of about 190 nm to about 220nm; CO lasers operated at a wavelength of, for example, about 6.0microns and carbon dioxide lasers operated at a wavelength of, forexample, about 10.6 microns; diode lasers operated at exemplarywavelengths of about 0.8 microns to about 2.1 microns; gas lasersoperated at exemplary wavelengths of about 2.6 microns to about 3.2microns; and other gas or solid state lasers including flash-lamp anddiode lasers operated at exemplary wavelengths of about 0.5 microns toabout 10.6 microns; and optical parametric oscillation (OPO) lasersoperated at exemplary wavelengths of about 2.6 microns to about 3.2microns. Exemplary wavelengths ranging from 2.78 microns to 2.94 micronshave been found to be effective in at least some aspects in forming thetunnel ablations of the present invention.

A preferred implementation, which has been found to be particularlyeffective in facilitating the formation of tunnel ablations, is a 2.78micron wavelength emitted by an Er, Cr:YSGG laser. As distinguished fromthe optical energy emitted from, for example, an Er:YAG, the emission ofan Er, Cr:YSGG laser has been found, perhaps as a partial result of itsrelative coagulation capability, to be effective in forming desiredtunnel ablations of the present invention.

Treatment energy in the form of laser radiation can be directed over thesclera of the eye in predetermined patterns to form tunnel ablationshaving depths of 91% to 100% of the sclera thickness (e.g., about 500 to700 microns) and, in certain exemplary embodiments, depths between about95% and 100% of the sclera thickness. Operating parameters for the laser(e.g., an Er, Cr:YSGG laser) can be 0.5 watts to 3.0 watts withcontinuous-wave (CW) energy or pulsed energy having a relatively highpeak energy. For example, the laser can have a repetition rate of 0 to100 Hz. Exemplary laser energy per pulse values can range from about 0.1mJ to about 50 mJ, depending on, for example, the pulse duration and thelaser beam spot size. Typical laser pulse widths may range from about100 nanoseconds to about 1000 microseconds. The areas to be treated canbe pre-traced with a vascular laser or even a long-pulse configured Er,Cr:YSGG, or a long-pulse configured Er:YAG, to minimize bleeding and/orimprove or enable formation of the tunnel ablations.

The depth or depths of the tissue(s) being affected (i.e., depth ofsclera) should be accurately determined and monitored. In the context ofmanual generation of tunnel ablations, a surgeon may observe a colorchange of, for example, the scleral tissue being treated to determinewhen the tissue-treatment depth reaches a desired level. For procedureson the sclera, the surgeon may, for example, cease the forming orcutting of a tunnel ablation when a hue (which may be more pronounced inthe context of optical ablating rather than scalpel cutting) begins tochange at the bottom of the tunnel ablation being formed. A darkening ofhue (e.g., to a blue, violet, or dark brown) as tissue is affected(e.g., removed) at the bottom of the tunnel ablation may indicate, forexample, less remaining sclera and a greater exposure of the underlyinglayer (e.g., the vascularized choroid and/or ciliary muscle), at whichtime the surgeon may decide to slow or stop formation of that tunnelablation. A chamber maintainer, for forming or facilitating theformation of tunnel ablations may be used, wherein a purpose of thechamber maintainer may be to assure that proper pressure is maintainedin the eye so that a prolapse or a perforation does not occur in thechoroid during formation of the tunnel ablations.

Exemplary laser beam spot sizes, according to very broad implementationsof the present invention, can range from about 0.4 mm up to about 1.5mm. Relatively large spot sizes, such as spot sizes greater than 800microns, have been found to be the most effective in forming the tunnelablations of the present invention. A preferred implementation, whichhas been found to be effective in facilitating the formation of tunnelablations, uses a spot size of about 1000 microns. Spot sizes rangingfrom this 1000 micron diameter to about 1500 microns have been found tobe particularly effective in facilitating the formation of tunnelablations of the present invention. These relatively large spot sizes inaccordance with the present invention can facilitate more completeablations of stricture formations and/or better post-surgery results.The relatively large spot sizes can facilitate generation ofoptimally-shaped tunnel ablations (e.g., having relatively large,rounded, u-shaped or flattened bottom surfaces), which, in turn,advantageously, can reduce healing thereby promoting more longevenousand successful presbyopic treatments.

While larger diameter fiber tips, corresponding to commensurately largerspot sizes (e.g., 900-1500 micron diameter fiber tips generating900-1500 micron diameter spot sizes), are typically preferred, it can incertain instances be possible to implement smaller diameter fiber tips,such as 400-600 micron diameter fiber tips, upon the introduction ofother modifications or compensating factors (e.g., techniques orstructures) to the system. For instance, it may be possible to obtainincisions, which may resemble in some ways tunnel-ablations, with a 400micron fiber tip, upon the provision of a modified output end of thefiber tip. According to one such implementation, a fiber tip may beprovided, having a cone-shaped output end with the point of the coneflattened to form a plane perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of thefiber tip. In other words, the output tip can comprise a truncated-coneshape wherein, rather than the point of a cone, a planar surface isdisposed at the distal end for outputting radiation. The pointed end ofthe conical tip, which in a typical embodiment is centered on thelongitudinal optical axis of the fiber optic, can be polished flat toyield a planar output surface so that light traveling along the opticalaxis exits the planar output surface and continues to travel,unrefracted, along the optical axis. Thus, in the describedimplementation, the planar output surface is oriented to beperpendicular with, and to intersect with, the longitudinal axis of thefiber optic.

As a few examples, a shaped fiber optic tip having a diameter of about400 microns may be formed (e.g., polished) to have a truncated planaroutput surface of about 100 microns in diameter wherein light exitingfrom the truncated planar surface and from the non-truncated conicalsurface is distributed in such a way as to promote the formation ofincisions resembling in some ways (e.g., tending to have, slightly, orrelatively, flat or curved bottom surfaces) the tunnel ablations of thepresent invention. Similarly, but to a substantially or much moredesirable end, a shaped fiber optic tip having a diameter of about 600microns may be formed (e.g., polished) to have truncated planar outputsurfaces of about 150 microns in diameter, wherein light exiting fromthe truncated planar surface and from the non-truncated conical surfacesis distributed in such a way as to promote a more pronounced resemblanceof the tunnel ablations of the present invention with their relativelyflat or curved bottoms. Furthermore, a much better result, still, can beachieved with a shaped fiber optic tip having a diameter of about 800microns formed (e.g., polished) to have a truncated planar outputsurface of about 200 microns in diameter, wherein light exiting from thetruncated planar surface and from the non-truncated conical surfaces isdistributed in such a way as to promote the formation of structuresresembling in some ways the tunnel ablations of the present inventionwith flattened or curved bottoms. A shaped fiber optic tip having adiameter of about 1000 microns formed (e.g., polished) to have atruncated planar output surface of about 250 microns in diameter can beimplemented in a preferred embodiment, wherein light exiting from thetruncated planar surface and from the non-truncated conical surfaces isdistributed in such a way as to promote the formation of optimal tunnelablations having somewhat flat or curved bottom surfaces.

According to other embodiments, the fiber tips may comprise, in additionto typical truncated-cylinder output ends (i.e., standard,cylindrically-shaped tips) with planar output surfaces, reverse conicaloutput ends, conical output ends, round output ends, curved output ends,or tapered output ends, with, in certain embodiments, any of theseoutput ends being partially truncated as discussed above. In the aboveor modified embodiments, the delivery systems (e.g., tips) may comprise,for example, sapphire or quartz, may be coated with, for example, atantalum substance or covered with a metal for protection, may beconfigured for single or multi-use, and/or may be either sterile ornon-sterile but capable of being sterilized. Also, one or more of thehandpiece and the delivery system in general, or any part thereof, maycomprise hollow-waveguide, mirrored, geranium oxide, sapphire or quartzcomponents, and may further comprise autoclave, ethylene oxide (eto),gas, or other sterilizable substances.

Formation of tunnel ablations in the sclera as depicted in FIG. 1,using, for example, a laser, can be accomplished by separating theconjunctiva from the sclera. Separation of the conjunctiva from thesclera typically comprises temporarily removing or pulling-back thepatient's conjunctiva, using forceps and scissors and/or one or more ofscalpels, cautery, plasma, and laser methods, followed by the actualnon-corneal manipulations (e.g., forming tunnel ablations in thesclera). While being formed almost entirely of collagen, the conjunctivais vascular and thus should be handled carefully, for example, tominimize bleeding. The conjunctiva may be, for example, ballooned with afluid in one embodiment. For instance, a fluid may be inserted beneaththe conjunctiva, to thereby separate the conjunctiva from the underlyingsclera. Such a separation can be achieved, for example, by injecting afluid, such as an epinephrine-based fluid, therebetween via a needleentry point in a vicinity of the surgical limbus.

Care may be taken when moving the conjunctiva to attenuate tissuedamage, such as de-vascularization and/or necrosis, resulting from, forexample, excessive movement of the conjunctiva. In certain embodiments,portions of the conjunctiva to be moved may be separated from underlyingtissue using known techniques, to thereby facilitate greater movement ofthe conjunctiva while controlling tissue damage. FIG. 7, discussedinfra, depicts exemplary locations 40, 42, 44 and 46 of manipulation ofthe conjunctival layer.

Following removal of all or parts of the conjunctival layer, a number(e.g., eight) of inter-muscular limbal markings may be formed atlocations corresponding to the planned placement locations of tunnelablations in the sclera. If needed, cautery may be used for hemostasis.Also, if needed, the surgeon may form one or more of the marks onceagain to map tunnel ablation (e.g., incision) locations in eachquadrant. Two radially orientated marks can be formed in a quadrant area0.75 mm from the surgical limbus (the point where the iris can no longerbe seen through the cornea), with each of the two marks being extendedabout 5-6 mm in length posteriorly and stopping anteriorly to the parsplana and with a 2 mm separation between each mark.

Two corresponding tunnel ablations in the marked quadrant area can thenbe generated, wherein scleral tissue is ablated to about 95% of a totalthickness (e.g., approximately 500-550 microns) of the sclera. Theincisions can be generated using an Er, Cr:YSGG laser having a frequencyof 30 Hz, a wavelength of 2.78 microns, and a spot size of 900 microns.The surgeon can watch for the characteristic dark blue hue of choroid asan endpoint during each ablation process. The above-described steps canbe repeated to generate additional pairs of incisions in the remainingthree quadrant areas. Subsequently, each of the treated sites can beclosed with bipolar forceps, lasers, sutures, cautery, surgical tacks,or staples, followed by placement of 1 drop NSAID and 1 drop antibioticthereto. Removed or affected areas corresponding to tunnel ablations mayalso be filled-in by a surgeon with any known biocompatible material,such as, for example, Tisseal, anti-inflammatories or antibiotics. Inaccordance with one aspect of the invention, removed or affected areascorresponding to tunnel ablations may be filled-in, partially orsubstantially completely, by the body (e.g., via the body's naturalresponse) with sub-conjunctiva tissue. Generally, tunnel ablations canhave widths that vary according to different rigidity factors andscleral thicknesses in different patients. However, incisional scleraldepths of tunnel ablations that are greater than 90% may, in certainimplementations, remain constant. After completing the tunnel ablationsand closing/filling them, the conjunctiva can then be sutured back intoposition (cf. FIG. 7). An eye patch or patches may be used only ifneeded, and the patient can be instructed to use his or her eyes fornormal near and far vision immediately following surgery.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, tunnel ablationsmay be applied to surface areas of the sclera disposed between thesuperior rectus muscle, medial rectus muscle, inferior rectus muscle,and lateral rectus muscle. The rectus muscle, medial rectus muscle,inferior rectus muscle, and lateral rectus muscle are typically disposedat the 0, 90, 180, and 270 degree angular locations of the eye.Exemplary groupings of tunnel ablations are shown in FIG. 1, wherein theexemplary groupings can be described in accordance with a polarcoordinate system. Regarding the polar coordinate system, for reference,a center of the pupil can be designated as the pole and a linecorresponding to the 3 o'clock orientation can be designated as thepolar axis (e.g., zero degrees).

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1, tunnel ablations are applied ina treatment zone that is defined between an inner radial dimension 14and an outer radial dimension 16. The inner radial dimension 14 maycoincide, for example, with the surgical limbus of the eye. Inrepresentative procedures, the inner radial dimension 14 corresponds toa zone that is about 0.75 mm outside of the surgical limbus. Typically,the inner radial dimension 14 will be disposed from about 0.75-1.0 mmoutside of the surgical limbus, and both the inner radial dimension 14and the outer radial dimension 16 will be disposed on the sclera.

A first set or grouping of tunnel ablations 10, a second grouping oftunnel ablations 12, areas 18 a corresponding to a third grouping oftunnel ablations 18 b (FIG. 2 a), and a fourth grouping of tunnelablations 20, are shown disposed on and in the sclera. One or more ofthese tunnel ablations may be modified, combined or duplicated, in wholeor in part, in various ways, to cover or be disposed between portionsof, as presently illustrated with reference to FIG. 1, the sclerabetween the superior rectus muscle, medial rectus muscle, inferiorrectus muscle, and lateral rectus muscle. For example, a procedure maycomprise the placement of groupings of tunnel ablations between each ofthe open areas formed between the superior rectus muscle, medial rectusmuscle, inferior rectus muscle, and lateral rectus muscle disposed at,for example, the 270, 0, 90 and 180 angular positions.

In a typical implementation, although not required, the first set oftunnel ablations 10, second set of tunnel ablations 12, areas 18 acorresponding to the third set of tunnel ablations 18 b (FIG. 2 a), andfourth set of tunnel ablations 20, are symmetrically formed relative toeach other and are centered between the superior rectus muscle, medialrectus muscle, inferior rectus muscle, and lateral rectus muscle.According to the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1, eight tunnelablations 10, 12, 18 a (locations), and 20, are disposed in the scleraat the 315, 45, 135, and 225 angular positions.

FIG. 2 a is an enlarged view of a portion 22 of scleral tissue of theeye shown in FIG. 1 that is suffering from a presence of strictureswithin the scleral matrix. The locations 18 a correspond to idealpotential candidates for the impartation of tunnel ablations to releasestrictures 24 within the portion 22 of the scleral tissue. The portion22 of scleral tissue shown in FIG. 2 b corresponds to the scleral tissueshown in FIG. 2 a following formation of a pair of tunnel ablations 18 bwithin the sclerotic tissue matrix by way a laser tunneling procedure inaccordance with the present invention. The lines 26 can be considered torepresent linkages of strictures within the sclera that have been atleast partially released. Impartation of the tunnel ablations 18 b intothe sclerotic tissue thus can be seen to cause a releasing of thestrictures 26, thereby allowing the cornea to steepen centrally toenhance an accommodation of the eye.

In the cross-sectional view of the eye depicted in FIG. 3, anapplication of energy 28, such as laser energy as described herein, isapplied to the portion 22 of the scleral tissue, which has becomesclerotic and stricture affected, within the sclera of the eye between aconjunctiva 30 and a choroid 32. FIG. 4 a is an enlarged view of thesclerotic portion 22 of the scleral tissue shown in FIG. 3 andcontaining an age-accumulated concentration of elasticity-compromisingstrictures 24. Energy 28 is applied in the context of a laser tunnelingprocedure to facilitate formation of a tunnel ablation within thesclerotic tissue matrix in accordance with the present invention.According to a particular implementation, a beam (e.g., a collimatedbeam) of ablating optical energy may be directed through a majority ormore of the thickness of the sclera, whereby tissues of the sclera areablated along the path of the collimated beam.

The sclerotic, stricture-containing portion 22 of scleral tissue fromFIG. 4 a is shown in FIG. 4 b, following formation of a tunnel ablationwithin the scleral matrix 22 by way of a laser tunneling procedureaccording to an aspect of the present invention. In the present and orother embodiments, a maximum width, measured at the scleral surface, ofa tunnel ablation can range from about 0.1 mm to about 1.5 mm, with apreferred maximum width ranging from about 0.9 mm to about 1.5 mm. Amaximum depth dimension can range from greater than 90% (i.e., 91%) ofthe scleral thickness to the full (i.e., 100%) scleral thickness, with apreferred maximum depth ranging from about 92% of the scleral thicknessto the full scleral thickness. The greatest treatment effect cantypically be obtained when the tunnel ablations are formed to extendthrough all of the scleral thickness.

Following formation of a tunnel ablation within the scleral matrix 22 byway of a laser tunneling procedure, strictures are released according toan aspect of the present invention. The lines 26 are provided as avisualization of the surgical releasing of the constricted tissues,allowing the tissues an ability to resume previously lost physiologicalfunctions. These lines symbolically correspond to treated tissues of thesclera, and do not indicate the shape of the tunnel ablation which hasbeen formed within the sclera.

The sizes (e.g., depths), shapes (e.g., bottom surfaces) and locations(e.g., spacing between sets) of the tunnel ablations may vary, and maybe dependent upon, for example, the “mapping” of the eye. The age of thepatient, level of sclerosis of the scleral tissue (i.e., which can bedetermined by a detection or determination of the severity of thepresence of strictures and/or the commensurate loss of scleral tissueelasticity), size of the patient's eye, location of the patient's rectusmuscles, size of the pupil, depth of the patient's sclera and/or thequality of the tissue surrounding the proximal adjacent choroid, can beimportant determinants in the development of a surgical interventionprotocol for treating presbyopia with the tunnel ablations of thepresent invention. Certain implementations of the present inventioncomprise a step or steps of identifying, detecting or determining one ormore of the depth of the patient's sclera, the level of sclerosis of thescleral tissue, the severity of the presence of strictures in thescleral tissue, the loss of scleral tissue elasticity, the size of thepatient's eye, the location of the patient's rectus muscles, the size ofthe pupil, and the quality of the tissue surrounding the proximaladjacent choroid. These steps can be implemented in order, for example,to achieve a greater level of success in the treatment of presbyopia. Incertain examples, the sclera depth, which can vary between patients andwhich can be identified prior to treatment, can be a determining factor.For instance, a patient with a sclera depth of 500 microns may requireor benefit most from tunnel ablations formed with a pulsed Er, Cr:YSGGlaser, having an 850 micron spot size, to extend all of the way throughthe sclera, whereas a patient with a sclera depth of 750 microns mayrequire or stand to benefit the most from tunnel ablations extending100% through the scleral and formed with a pulsed Er, Cr:YSGG laserhaving a 1000 micron spot size. In one example, the pattern of tunnelablations is determined by the size of the patient's eye, the locationof the patient's rectus muscles, the size of the patient's pupil, thedepth of the patient's sclera, and the level of presbyopia prior totreatment.

While the depth of formation of the tunnel ablations will typicallyremain between 91% and 100%, it can be adjusted (e.g., within thisrange) based upon one or more of the mentioned considerations. Moreover,the width of the tunnel ablations can be tailored on a case-by-casebasis, based upon these parameters. For example, in an example whereinthe level of strictures is high and the quality of the tissuesurrounding the proximal adjacent choroid is good (e.g., is sufficientlynormal to be expected to be able to withstand impartation of the tunnelablations without hypotonia), the tunnel ablations may be designed toform a pattern of tunnel-ablation sets (e.g., such as the pattern shownin FIG. 1) with a depth of about 100% of the scleral tissue and a widthof about 1 mm measured at the scleral surface, wherein, furthermore, thebottoms of the tunnel ablations may comprise u-shaped or flattenedbottoms (e.g., having a radius of curvature greater than about 75 mm).For example, in an instance wherein the level of strictures isrelatively moderate and the quality of the tissue surrounding theproximal adjacent choroid is acceptable (e.g., not likely to causehypotonia upon impartation of the tunnel ablations), the tunnelablations may be designed to form a pattern of tunnel-ablation sets(e.g., such as shown in FIG. 1) with a depth of about 100% of thescleral tissue and a width of about 0.1 to 1.5 mm measured at thescleral surface; furthermore, the bottoms of the tunnel ablations maycomprise u-shaped or flattened bottoms (e.g., having a radius ofcurvature greater than about 75 mm). In other examples, variouscombinations of the above parameters may be implemented, with lengths ofthe tunnel ablations being, for example, about 5 mm for moderatelystrictured scleras and about 6 mm for more highly strictured scleras.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a tunnel ablation 18 b formed withinthe sclera 22 between the conjunctiva 30 and the choroid 32 of an eye.The tunnel ablation 18 b can have a width, measured on a surface of thesclera corresponding to an interface between the conjunctiva 30 and thesclera 22, greater than about 0.8 mm. The width can be measured in adirection parallel to the surface of the sclera 22. Furthermore, thetunnel ablation 18 b can be formed to have a length on the surface,measured in a direction parallel to the surface, between about 5.25 mmand about 6.0 mm.

Moreover, according to certain implementations of the present invention,as a result of the tunnel ablations having one or more properties ofbeing deeper, wider, and shaped differently, compared to prior artincisions, to thereby maximize expansion and minimize unwanted healing,as discussed below, sets (e.g., pairs) of adjacent tunnel ablationsshould be formed to have an initial spacing between one another (e.g.,within the pair) of at least 2 mm.

Generally, according to an aspect of the present invention, tunnelablations within a set can be formed to comprise elongated arcs orlines. According to illustrated embodiments, in addition to beingdisposed about 0.75 mm from the surgical limbus, the tunnel ablationscan be marked or initially formed to be separated one from another by atleast 2 mm, measured at the scleral surface. In these or otherembodiments, the tunnel ablations should, according to a broad aspect ofthe present invention, have widths greater than 0.4 mm and, preferably,greater than 0.8 mm, measured at the scleral surface. The elongatedtunnel ablations within a set can also be formed to be substantiallyparallel to one another and to be separated, following formation, by adistance of 1.8 to 1.2 mm. For instance, in certain implementations,when the laser energy ablates the scleral strictures during formation oftunnel ablations, a physiological expansion can typically occurnaturally that causes the tunnel ablations to increase in width by up toabout 50% of the initial lased width. Thus, initial tunnel-ablationwidths (e.g., marked widths) of 0.4 to 1.6 mm, coupled with initialseparations of about 2 mm between adjacent tunnel ablations in a set,can result in post-ablation widths of 0.6 to 2.4 mm and final separationdistances of 1.8 mm to 1.2 mm, measured at the scleral surface. Insimilar examples with initial separations of about 2.5 mm betweenadjacent tunnel ablations in a set, post-ablation widths will of coursebe even greater.

In other embodiments, a surgical scalpel (e.g., diamond blade) may beused to form the tunnel ablations having depths as previously discussedin connection with fiber optic tip embodiments. According to certainaspects of the invention, regardless of the means used to form thetunnel ablations, it can be very important that the shapes of the bottomsurfaces be rounded or flattened rather than v- shaped so that thepatient does not experience unwanted regression following the procedure.Thus, in the case of, for example, a scalpel, care can be taken toensure that bottom surfaces of the scalpel-formed tunnel ablations haveu-shapened or flattened surfaces.

In accordance with typical implementations, the tunnel ablation 18 bextends from a surface of the sclera 22 all of the way down through thesclera 22 to the choroid 32, or extends, as shown, to an area within thesclera 22 just shy of the choroid 32 boundary. For instance, the tunnelablation 18 b can extend a depth 36 of, for example, 500-600 micronsinto the sclera 22. According to an aspect of the present invention, thetunnel ablation 18 b extends through significantly more than 90% of thethickness of the sclera 22, so that 0-9% of the sclera remains between abottom surface 34 of the tunnel ablation 18 b and the choroid 32.

By ablating to the 91-100% levels, the scleral strictures are treatedfor a maximum expansion and for a minimized chance of counter-productivehealing, whereby a minimized likelihood of regression in presbyopicvision can be realized in long term follow-up observations of patientsversus less deep incisions in the scleral which do not allow for maximumexpansion or longevity of successful presbyopic treatments. As a resultof the techniques disclosed herein, embodiments comprising a tunnelablation 18 b extending all of the way through the thickness of thesclera 22 do not cause hypotonia of the eye.

According to an aspect of the present invention, the tunnel ablation 18b comprises a u-shaped or flattened bottom surface 34, as distinguishedfrom a v-shaped bottom surface. Thus, as distinguished from an incisionthat may be formed from a beam having a smaller spot size and/or with adifferent wavelength or power than that of the preferred Er, Cr:YSGGlaser, which introduces an element of thermal necrosis, tunnel ablationsof the present invention comprise “rounded” or “tunnel shaped” bottomsurfaces rather than v-shaped bottom surfaces. According to one aspectof the present invention, implementation of, for example, an Er:YAGlaser to form the tunnel ablation can result in a less rounded or lesstunnel-shaped, and more of a v-shaped, bottom surface. According toanother aspect of the present invention, implementation of, for example,an Er:YAG or other laser with a spot size of 0.8 mm or less to form thetunnel ablation can result in an even less rounded or lesstunnel-shaped, and more of a v-shaped, bottom surface. By forming au-shaped or flattened bottom surface, the scleral strictures are treatedfor a maximum expansion and for a minimized chance of counter-productivehealing, whereby a likelihood of regression in presbyopic vision can beminimizing in patients post-treatment, as compared to that obtainablewith the use of v-shaped incisions that do not allow for maximumexpansion or longevenous presbyopic treatments.

In certain implementations of the invention, ablating to the 91% orgreater level, and tunneling (i.e., forming enlarged bottom surfacespossessing one or more of enlarged widths and u- or flattened shapes),can better assure maximum treatment results with the greatest level ofsafety and least chance of regression in the patient.

One aspect of the present invention defines the bottom surface 34 tohave a radius of curvature that is greater than about 75 mm. Certainembodiments of the present invention can comprise bottom surfaces 34having radii of curvature 38 between about 75 and 90 mm, and otherembodiments can comprise radii of curvature greater than 90 mm. Thestructures shown in FIG. 5 are not drawn to-scale in certainimplementations of the present invention. However, in otherimplementations, one or more of the shapes or partial shapes of theillustrated structures in this figure, such as the tunnel ablation 18 b,is/are defined to be drawn to-scale. In an implementation wherein thedepth 36 and the shape of the tunnel ablation 18 b are denoted to bedrawn to-scale, a depth 36 of about 500 microns in the figure yields aradius of curvature 38 of the bottom surface 34 of about 75 mm.Similarly, a depth 36 of about 500 microns in the figure denotes abottom-surface 18 b radius of curvature 38 of about 90 mm when the depth36 and the shape of the tunnel ablation 18 b are denoted to be drawnto-scale.

A schematic representation of an exemplary pre-operative shape of thecentral cornea of the eye in relation to an axial length of the eye isshown in FIG. 6 a. The same structural elements of FIG. 6 a are shown inFIG. 6 b following impartation of a tunnel ablation, whereby steepeningof the central corneal is effectuated along with thinning of thesub-conjunctival and scleral layers. In FIG. 6 b, an allowance for addedsteepening of the cornea is generated by way of the impartation of thetunnel ablations of the present invention, so that the eye is providedwith an ability to refocus at near distances while maintaining anability to focus at a distance. The release of sub-conjunctivalstrictures can attenuate the loss of near vision that typically occurswith age, to the extent caused, for example, by tissue sclerosisresulting in loss of elasticity of the sclera, cornea and relatedstructures. The tunneling results in ablation of the strictures,allowing for or causing one or more of a forward prolapse and asteepening of the cornea. FIG. 7 depicts locations 40, 42, 44 and 46 ofmanipulation of the conjunctival layer (e.g., before and afterimpartation of the tunnel ablations) in accordance with an exemplaryimplementation of the present invention.

Regarding configurations of the source of ablation, the parameter rangesof the source of ablation (e.g., laser) can, in exemplary embodiments,be dependent upon desired, predetermined or expected lengths, widthsand/or depths of tunnel-ablation incisions. A mapping can determine thelocation, pattern, shape and landscape of the region acquiring thetreatment based on, for example, rigidity, concentration of strictures,muscle contraction, and accommodation. The treatment energy beam can becompleted by contact or non-contact of the laser energy in a pulse mode,or CW mode, that is proximal to the treatment area using, for example, afiber based delivery system. For example, tunnel ablations formed withdepths approximating the thickness of the sclera (e.g., about 100%) maybe generated with relatively high power densities and/or may haverelatively large widths (e.g., 1 mm, measured at the scleral surface),and in further examples, these tunnel ablations may have u-shaped orflattened bottoms (e.g., having a radius of curvature greater than about75 mm). In modified implementations, tunnel ablations formed with depthsapproximating the thickness of the sclera (e.g., about 100%) may begenerated with relatively high power densities and/or may have widthsranging from 0.1 to 1.5 mm, measured at the scleral surface, and infurther such modified embodiments, these tunnel ablations may haveu-shaped or flattened bottoms (e.g., having a radius of curvaturegreater than about 75 mm).

Scleral structures having relatively advanced presbyotic conditions(e.g., augmented tissue sclerosis with commensurate stenosis-inducedloss of accommodation) will typically stand to benefit from greaterdegrees of tunnel-ablation treatments. The degree of tunnel-ablationtreatments can be increased by forming the tunnel-ablations in any oneor more of greater numbers, greater densities, greater widths, greaterdepths, more u-shaped or flattened bottom surfaces, and greater lengths.A patient's sclera that is suffering from substantial stenosis willtypically stand to benefit from tunnel ablations of greater widths anddepths, as compared to scleral structures of a patient's sclera that isless stenotic. Stenotic scleral tissues will typically correspond tothose of older patients. Dye enhancement can be used to convey thedegree of, and/or the location(s) of, the fibrotic scleral material orthe relatively greater concentrations of stenotic tissue of a sclera.Tunnel ablations can then be designed to intersect with those locations.Additionally, or alternatively, any known means for determining ormeasuring the tissue elasticity of the sclera, or the accommodation ofthe patient's eye, can be implemented to facilitate a determination ofthe degree of tunnel ablations needed for treatment. As known, suchmeans can include computers. In addition to a degree of stenosis ofpotential treatment areas of a patient's sclera, the size of thepatient's eye and/or the physical condition (e.g., ability to respondfavorably to the surgery) can factor in to help determine the degree oftunnel-ablation treatments to be administered. Characteristics of theeye muscles, such as their location, may also play a role in determiningshapes and/or locations of the tunnel ablations that may be required.

Sets or groupings of tunnel ablations may be formed manually and/or withthe aid of automated devices, such as computer (FIG. 4 a) controlled oraided scanners (e.g., having articulated arms) known to those skilled inthe art. As known, computers contain microprocessors. The treatmentenergy beam can be completed by contact or non-contact of the laserenergy in a pulse mode, or CW mode that is proximal to the treatmentarea using a scanner based delivery system (FIG. 4 a) with apredetermined software pattern or template. As known, delivery systemsembody apparatus and waveguides for propagating energy and formed withproximal ends and distal ends that output the energy. Software can beutilized to implement patterns of tunnel ablations based upon parametersof the eye, such as the mapping of the eye as discussed above.

Regarding formation by manual means, an output, such as, for example, afiber optic tip in cases where the treatment is electromagnetic energy,may be used to focus electromagnetic (e.g., optical) energy onto thesclera in order to form tunnel ablations to depths of, for example,about 91% to about 100% of the sclera thickness (e.g., about 500 micronsto 700 microns). An exemplary implementation can comprise an Er, Cr:YSGGlaser with a 900 micron quartz or sapphire (contact) tip operated at 2 Wand 2.78 microns. Regarding formation by automated scanning, suchscanning can be performed to achieve the formation of one or more tunnelablations in predefined formations and locations of the sclera asdescribed herein and known to those skilled in the art, and/orbeneficially applied to treatment of a relatively large portion of thesclera wherein, for example, all of the desired tunnel ablations may beautomatically formed by the scanner during a single procedure. Anoptical system for automatically providing treatment energies to thesclera may comprise an ablative laser having a predetermined wavelengthand being focused by, for example, a lens which is directed, forexample, onto a scanner for patterning (e.g., using a mirror) apredetermined treatment energy onto the patient's eye to form one ormore tunnel ablations. The scanner may comprise motorized mirrors and/ora refractive optical means such that laser energy is delivered (e.g.,scanned) to the eye in the predetermined patterns.

The contents of all cited references, including literature references,issued patents, published patent applications, and co-pending patentapplications, cited in this application and in the provisional patentapplication upon which priority is claimed, are hereby expresslyincorporated by reference. The above-described embodiments have beenprovided by way of example, and the present invention is not limited tothese examples. Multiple variations and modification to the disclosedembodiments will occur, to the extent not mutually exclusive, to thoseskilled in the art upon consideration of the foregoing description.Additionally, other combinations, omissions, substitutions andmodifications will be apparent to the skilled artisan in view of thedisclosure herein. Accordingly, it is. intended that the presentinvention not be limited by the disclosed embodiments, but be defined byreference to the appended additional disclosure in claims format.

1. A surgical apparatus for treating an eye in need of one or more of aphysiological and a vision correction, the surgical apparatuscomprising: a treatment source suitable for cutting or ablating ananatomic structure of an eye; a measuring device capable of facilitatinga determination of a thickness of the anatomic structure; software; acomputer coupled to the software to aid in impartation by the system ofa tunnel ablation at a depth corresponding to the thickness from themeasuring device of the anatomic structure; a delivery apparatuscomprising a proximal end and a distal end; a waveguide, as part of thedelivery apparatus, the waveguide being connected to the treatmentsource and having a composition and configuration capable of propagatingenergy from the treatment source toward the distal end of the deliveryapparatus; and an output end, as part of the distal end of deliveryapparatus, that is configured to facilitate delivery of energy from thetreatment source, via the waveguide, to the anatomic structure in atleast one vicinity that is in need of one or more of the physiologicaland the vision correction, the delivery apparatus as a consequence atleast in part of being connected to and in communication with thecomputer being structurally enabled to (a) facilitate use of thedetermined thickness and (b) under control of the computer to accomplishablation through more than 90% of the thickness of the anatomicstructure but not into an underlying structure thus forming a tunnelablation, whereby the waveguide and the output end have a shape andarrangement defining to a spot size of at least about 75 mm, thetreatment source having a wavelength, power and timing which incombination are configured and capable to ablate tissue of the anatomicstructure to a degree sufficient to form the tunnel ablation with abottom surface having a u-shape or a flattened bottom surface, asdistinguished from a v-shape, and having a radius of curvature greaterthan about 75 mm.
 2. The surgical apparatus as set forth in claim 1,wherein the tunnel ablation extends through 91% to 100% of the thicknessof a sclera of the eye but does not cause hypotonia.
 3. The surgicalapparatus as set forth in claim 1, wherein the tunnel ablation is formedto have a width on the surface, measured in a direction parallel to thesurface, greater than 0.8 mm.
 4. The surgical apparatus as set forth inclaim 3, wherein the tunnel ablation is formed to have a length on thesurface, measured in a direction parallel to the surface, greater than5.25 mm.
 5. The surgical apparatus as set forth in claim 1, wherein: theeye is in need of a vision correction; the surgical is operable torestore an accommodation to the eye; and the treatment source is asource of electromagnetic energy.
 6. The surgical apparatus as set forthin claim 5, wherein the source of electromagnetic energy is an Er,Cr:YSGG laser.
 7. The surgical apparatus as set forth in claim 5,wherein: the source of electromagnetic energy has a spot size on thesurface that is greater than about 0.8 mm.
 8. The surgical apparatus asset forth in claim 1, wherein the ablating is performed through thethickness of a sclera of the eye to form a tunnel ablation, and theablating is ceased based upon a determined ablation endpoint wherebyhypotonia of the eye is avoided.
 9. The surgical apparatus as set forthin claim 1, wherein the tunnel ablation has a u-shaped bottom surface.10. The surgical apparatus as set forth in claim 1, wherein the tunnelablation has a flattened bottom surface with a radius of curvaturegreater than about 75 mm.
 11. The surgical apparatus as set forth inclaim 1, wherein: the treatment source is a source of electromagneticenergy; the source of electromagnetic energy has a spot size on thesurface that is greater than about 0.8 mm; the eye comprises a superiorrectus muscle, a medial rectus muscle, an inferior rectus muscle, and alateral rectus muscle; and the ablating comprises generating sets oftunnel ablations between, but not overlapping, the superior rectusmuscle, the medial rectus muscle, the inferior rectus muscle, and thelateral rectus muscle of the eye.
 12. The surgical apparatus as setforth in claim 1, wherein the delivery apparatus directs energy from thetreatment source onto a sclera of the eye in vicinities of the scleraother than occupied vicinities, which correspond to areas of rectusmuscles of the eye, and generates sets of tunnel ablations betweenoccupied vicinities in portions of the sclera other than thosecomprising the rectus muscles.
 13. The surgical apparatus as set forthin claim 12, wherein a plurality of elongate tunnel ablations is formedbetween each of the occupied vicinities.
 14. The surgical apparatus asset forth in claim 12, wherein each set of tunnel ablations comprisestwo elongated, substantially parallel tunnel ablations.
 15. The surgicalapparatus as set forth in claim 12, wherein the tunnel ablations of eachset have widths on a surface of the sclera of about 0.4 to 1.5 mm andhave longer lengths, and wherein the tunnel ablations of each set areformed to have an initial or marked separation of about 2 mm.
 16. Thesurgical apparatus as set forth in claim 15, wherein the elongatedtunnel ablations of each set are substantially parallel to one anotherand, following formation, are separated by a distance of about 1.8 to1.2 mm.
 17. The surgical apparatus as set forth in claim 12, whereineach set of tunnel ablations extends at least 91% through the sclera.18. The surgical apparatus as set forth in claim 12, wherein: the sclerahas a thickness measured in a distance generally transverse to a surfaceof the sclera; and each tunnel ablation has a u-shaped or flattenedbottom surface with a width, measured in a direction parallel to thesurface, greater than about 0.8 mm.
 19. The surgical apparatus as setforth in claim 12, wherein the sets of tunnel ablations comprise fourpairs of radially-outwardly extending tunnel ablations disposed at least0.75 mm away from a surgical limbus of the eye.
 20. The surgicalapparatus as set forth in claim 12, wherein: the elongated tunnelablations of each set have widths on a surface of the sclera greaterthan 0.8 mm; and the elongated tunnel ablations of each set areseparated by a distance of about 0.5 mm or more.
 21. The surgicalapparatus as set forth in claim 12, wherein each set of tunnel ablationsextends at least 95% through the sclera.
 22. The surgical apparatus asset forth in claim 12, the delivery apparatus facilitating delivery ofenergy from the treatment source based upon identifying, detecting ordetermining one or more of a depth of the patient's sclera, a level ofsclerosis of the sclera, a severity of the presence of strictures in thesclera, a loss of scleral tissue elasticity, a size of the patient'seye, a location of the patient's rectus muscles, a size of the pupil,and a quality of the tissue surrounding the proximal adjacent choroid ofthe eye.